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Chapter 9: Race, Citizenship, and Belonging

Home / Chapter 9: Race, Citizenship, and Belonging

Brief Outline

9.0 Learning Objectives and Introduction
9.1 The Science and Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity
9.2 An Overview of Immigration and Citizenship
9.3 Inclusion and Exclusion
9.4 Types of Racism
9.5 Segregated Lives
9.6 Racial Socialization in Families
9.7 Summary
9.8 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Race, Citizenship, and Belonging
9.9 Careers
9.10 Key Terms
9.11 Review
9.12 Glossary
9.13 References

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1.0 Learning Outcomes and Introduction
1.1 What is Sociology?
1.2 The Use of Technology and Data in Identifying Public Issues
1.3 The Essential Sociological Concepts
1.3a Social Structure
1.3b Socialization
1.3c Stratification
1.3d Social Change and Social Reproduction
1.4 Theory
1.4a Macro-, Meso-, and Microsociology
1.4b Social Construction of Reality
1.4c Intersectionality
1.5 Sociology and Careers
1.5a How is Sociology Different from Other Disciplines or Majors?
1.5b A Background in Sociology Supports Diverse Careers
1.6 Summary
1.7 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Media and Technology
1.8 Careers
1.9 Key Terms
1.10 Review
1.11 Glossary
1.12 References

2.0 Learning Outcomes and Introduction
2.1 Using Sociological Data to Describe Social Phenomena
2.1a Common Sense and Journalistic Explanations
2.1b Peer-Reviewed Research
2.1c Primary and Secondary Data
2.1c1 The Pew Research Center
2.1c2 The National Opinion Research Center
2.1c3 The U.S. Census Bureau
2.1c4 Bureau of Labor Statistics
2.2 How Does Sociology Explain Social Patterns of Marriage and Parenthood?
2.2a Education and Marriage
2.2b Education and Parenthood
2.3 How Do Sociologists Know What They Know?
2.3a Qualitative Methods
2.3b Qualitative Data Analysis
2.3c Quantitative Methods
2.4 Evaluating Sociological Research
2.4a Nonprobability and Probability Sampling
2.4b Defining and Measuring Variables
2.4c Reliability and Validity
2.5 Thinking Critically about Social Scientific Data
2.5a Frequencies and Percentages
2.5b Rates
2.5c Measures of Central Tendency
2.5d Correlation and Causation
2.6 Ethical Issues and Limitations of Sociological Research
2.6a Privacy and Informed Consent
2.6b Issues of Bias in Sociological Research
2.7 Summary
2.8 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Families
2.9 Careers
2.10 Key Terms
2.11 Review
2.12 Glossary
2.13 References

3.0 Learning Objectives and Introduction
3.1 Social Structure and Social Institutions
3.1a Social Institutions
3.1b A Functionalist Perspective
3.2 Religion as a Social Institution
3.2a Functions of Religion
3.2b Religion and the Development of Capitalism
3.2c Religion as an Opiate of the Masses
3.3 Groups
3.3a Networks
3.4 Bureaucracies
3.4a McDonaldization
3.5 Power and Authority
3.5a Types of Power
3.5b Power by the Many
3.5c Power by the Few
3.6 Religious and Political Socialization
3.7 Religious Trends
3.7a Global Religious Trends
3.7b The Use of Religious Imagery to Achieve Political Goals
3.8 Summary
3.9 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Government and Religion
3.10 Careers
3.11 Key Terms
3.12 Glossary
3.13 Review
3.14 References

4.0 Learning Outcomes and Introduction
4.1 Culture
4.1a How Longer Life Expectancies Contribute to Cultural Change
4.1b Dominant Culture and Subcultures
4.2 The Features of Cognitive Culture
4.2a Social Institutions
4.2b Roles and Statuses
4.2c Symbolic Boundaries
4.2d Frames and Perception
4.2e Repertoires of Action
4.2f Narratives
4.2g Values
4.3 Responding to Culture Shock
4.3a Ethnocentr ism
4.3b Cultural Relativism
4.4 Socialization
4.4a Agents of Socialization
4.4b Socialization in Families
4.4c Socialization in Schools
4.4d Adult Socialization
4.5 The Development of the Self
4.5a George Herbert Mead's Role-Taking and the Development of the Self
4.5b Charles Horton Cooley's Looking-Glass Self
4.5c W. E. B. Du Bois' Double Consciousness
4.5d Erving Goffman's Impression Management
4.5e Summary of the Development of the Self
4.6 Summary
4.7 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Culture and Socialization
4.8 Careers
4.9 Key Terms
4.10 Review
4.11 Glossary
4.12 References

5.0 Learning Outcomes and Introduction
5.1 The Social Construction of Deviance
5.1a The Legalization of Marijuana
5.1b Marijuana Use
5.2 Types of Crime
5.2a Violent Crime
5.2b Property Crime
5.2c Bias-Motivated Crimes
5.3 Crime: Perception and Reality
5.4 Theoretical Explanations of Deviance and Crime
5.4a Émile Durkheim's Contributions to Understanding Deviance
5.4a1 Social Solidarity and Anomie
5.4a2 Durkheim's Study of Suicide
5.4b Structural Strain Theory
5.4b1 Modes of Adaptation
5.4c Social Control Theory
5.4d Labeling Theory
5.4e Marxist Theory
5.4f Critical Race Theory
5.5 Responses to Deviance and Crime
5.5a Stigma
5.5b Incarceration
5.5c Surveillance and Conformity
5.5d Medicalization
5.6 Tobacco, Alcohol, and Illicit Drug Use
5.6a Tobacco and Nicotine Use
5.6b Alcohol Use
5.6c Illicit Drug Use
5.7 Summary
5.8 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Deviance and Crime
5.9 Careers
5.10 Key Terms
5.11 Review
5.12 Glossary
5.13 References

6.0 Learning Outcomes and Introduction
6.1 Education
6.2 What Is Stratification?
6.2a Capital
6.2b Status and Power
6.2c Minority and Dominant Groups
6.2d Prejudice and Discrimination
6.2f Moving Toward Equity
6.3 Sociodemographic Structures
6.3a Race and Racism
6.3b Gender
6.3c Social Class
6.4 The Structures that Uphold Stratification
6.4a Colonialism
6.4b White Supremacy
6.4b1 White Privilege
6.4c Patriarchy
6.4d Capitalism
6.5 The American Dream and Meritocracy
6.5a Education as the Path to Achieving the American Dream?
6.6 How Schools Reproduce and Reduce Stratification
6.7 Summary
6.8 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Stratification and Education
6.9 Careers
6.10 Key Terms
6.11 Review
6.12 Glossary
6.13 References

7.0 Learning Outcomes and Introduction
7.1 The Effect of Capitalism on Social Class
7.1a The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
7.1b Alienation
7.1c Class Consciousness and False Consciousness
7.1d Power, Property, and Prestige
7.2 Financial Resources
7.2a Income
7.2b Global Income Inequality
7.2c Credit Scores and Credit Reports
7.2d Debt
7.2e Wealth
7.3 Social Class Structure in the United States
7.3a The Upper Class
7.3b The Middle Class
7.3c The Lower Class
7.4 Social Class Reproduction
7.4a Behavioral and Cultural Explanations
7.4b Structural Explanations
7.4c Political Explanations
7.4d How Wealth Is Maintained Across Generations
7.4d1 The Law and Tax Policy
7.4d2 Closed Social Networks
7.4d3 Unequal Childhoods
7.5 The Social Safety Net
7.5a Help at the Bottom
7.5b Help at the Top
7.6 Summary
7.7 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Social Class
7.8 Careers
7.9 Key Terms
7.10 Review
7.11 Glossary
7.12 References

8.0 Learning Objectives and Introduction
8.1 The Social Construction of Gender and Sex
8.1a Gender and Sex Categorization
8.1b Gender Identity and Sexual Identity
8.2 The Science and Sociology of Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
8.2a Biology Is Not Destiny
8.2b Sociological Explanations of Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
8.3 Learning the Norms Associated with Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
8.3a Gender Socialization
8.3b Gendered Sexual Socialization
8.4 How Work Perpetuates Gender Stratification
8.4a The Gender Wage Gap
8.4b Gendered Substructures
8.4c Workplace Harassment
8.5 Structural Sexism and Health
8.6 Changing Laws and Opinions
8.6a Social Change Regarding LGBTQ Rights
8.7 Chapter Summary
8.8 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
8.9 Careers
8.10 Key Terms
8.11 Review
8.12 Glossary
8.13 References

9.0 Learning Objectives and Introduction
9.1 The Science and Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity
9.1a Shared Biology
9.1b Racialization
9.1c Ethnicity
9.2 An Overview of Immigration and Citizenship
9.2a U.S. Immigration Policy
9.2b Refugees and Asylum Seekers
9.2c Citizenship
9.2c1 The Citizenship Experience of Mexican Americans
9.3 Inclusion and Exclusion
9.3a Assimilation
9.3b Pluralism
9.3c Genocide
9.3d Expulsion
9.4 Types of Racism
9.4a Overt Racism
9.4b. Color-blind Racism
9.4c Racial Microaggressions
9.4d Institutional Racism
9.4e Colorism
9.5 Segregated Lives
9.5a Racially Segregated Neighborhoods
9.5b The Racial Wealth Gap
9.6 Racial Socialization in Families
9.7 Summary
9.8 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Race, Citizenship, and Belonging
9.9 Careers
9.10 Key Terms
9.11 Review
9.12 Glossary
9.13 References

10.0 Learning Objectives and Introduction
10.1 Social Change and Social Reproduction
10.1a Population
10.1a1 Malthusian Theory
10.1b Demographic Transition Model
10.1b1 Birth, Death, and Fertility Rates
10.2 Collective Behavior
10.2a Collective Behavior With More Negative Elements
10.2b Collective Behavior with More Positive Elements
10.3 Social Movements
10.3a Social Movement Collective Action
10.3b Types of Social Movements
10.3b1 Reactionary Movement
10.3b2 Reform Movement
10.3b3 Revolutionary Movement
10.3b4 Alternative Movement
10.3b5 Redemptive Movement
10.3b6 Transnational Movement
10.3c Social Movement Theory
10.3c1 Relative Deprivation Theory
10.3c2 Resource Mobilization Theory
10.3c3 Framing Theory
10.3c4 Political Process Theory
10.3c5 Multifactor Theory
10.3d Countermovements
10.4 The Climate Crisis
10.4a1 Migration
10.4a2 Mitigation
10.5 The Social Construction of the Climate Crisis
10.5a Heat Waves, Race, Class, and Gender
10.6 Social Structure and Social Change
10.6a The Case of Hurricane Harvey
10.6b The Case of Newtok, Alaska
10.7 Stratification and the Climate Crisis
10.7a Ecological Displacement
10.7b Environmental Inequality and Justice
10.8 Summary
10.9 Applying the Sociological Literacy Framework to Social Change and the Climate Crisis
10.10 Careers
10.11 Key Terms
10.12 Review
10.13 Glossary
10.14 References

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