5.4b Structural Strain Theory

Merton (1938) proposed structural strain theory to account for conformity, deviance, and the modes of action that fall between the two. He argued that deviance is a result of a mismatch or strain between cultural goals and institutionalized means. Cultural goals are the things people are socialized to expect and want (such as a career or a family). Institutionalized means are the socially approved ways of reaching these goals (like hard work and education). Merton argues that everyone is socialized to expect to accept the cultural goals. However, not all have access to the institutionalized means of achieving these goals. An adaptation to such strain involves  pursuing deviant actions and attitudes to reach the reward.

Consider the rewards associated with being a college student. People are motivated to conform to the role of a student by external rewards, such as a desired grade in a course. They are also motivated by intrinsic rewards, such as learning for the sake of learning. Many students are motivated by grades. The socially approved means of achieving a high grade include attending class, paying attention there, doing assigned reading, and studying. However, it can be difficult for many students to conform due to other obligations and interests. For example, they may have work and social life obligations or lack intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, there are circumstances beyond their control, such as illness or the death of a family member. This mismatch between students’ expected and actual actions and attitudes can result in strain leading to deviant behavior, like cheating.

Photo 5.5

A Student Might Sleep During Class Because of Obligations Outside of Class