5.4c Social Control Theory

Social control theory explains deviance because of weak or broken social bonds. Hirschi (1969) argued that deviance happens due to an imbalance between a person’s tendencies to deviate and the inner and outer controls that deter deviance. He named two types of control systems. Inner controls refer to the internalization of morality, including religious beliefs and notions of right and wrong. Outer controls are the people, such as family, friends, teachers, and police, who encourage conformity.

Hirschi argues that weak social bonds contribute to the development of deviance. Social bonds are formed through attachments, commitments, involvements, and shared beliefs. Attachment is based on emotions, such as affection, respect, and admiration towards others who conform, and strength of our relationships with these individuals. Commitments are the benefits a person could lose by taking part in deviance, such as respect or continued membership in the group. Involvementis being too busy in conventional activities to be deviant. Beliefrefers to the notion that specific actions are morally wrong.

Social control theory does explain minor deviance but is more limited in explaining serious deviance, like crime. For example, students involved in many activities may be tempted to engage in academic dishonesty. Still, they refrain because they fear being caught and losing their standing at the university. When it comes to serious crimes like murder, the person who committed the crime may still believe murder is wrong.