8.13 References

2023 National Book Festival [Photograph], by Library of Congress, 2023, Wikimedia  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=137027161 CC0 1.0.

A family looking at the peacock… [Photograph]. Zinkevych from Getty Images via Canva Pro.

Acker, J. (2012). Gendered organizations and intersectionality: Problems and possibilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 31(3), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151211209072

American Medical Association. (2021). Report of the Board of Trustees. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/2021-05/j21-handbook-addendum-ref-cmte-d.pdf

Anderson, L., File, T., Marshall, J., McElrath, K., & Scherer, Z. (2021). New household pulse survey data reveals differences between LGBT and non-LGBT respondents during COVID-19 pandemic. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/11/census-bureau-survey-explores-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity.html

Beautiful interior of baby room… [Photograph]. pixelshot via Canva Pro.

Besen-Cassino, Y. (2017). The cost of being a girl: Working teens and the origins of the gender wage gap. Temple University Press.

Buchanan, N. T. & Ormerod, A. J. (2002). Racialized sexual harassment in the lives of African American women. Women & Therapy. 25(3-4), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1300/J015v25n03_08

Bullied boy feeling ashamed… [Photograph]. Motortion from Getty Images via Canva Pro.

Burke, T. (2021). Unbound: My story of liberation and the birth of the me too movement. Flatiron Books.

Businessman sexually harass… [Photograph]. Prostock-studio via Canva Pro.

Busy mom working on laptop [Photograph]. Ketut Subiyanto from Pexels via Canva Pro.

CareerOneStop. (2017a, August 25). Epidemiologists career video [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGXPzV9e-jw.

CareerOneStop. (2017b, August 25). Child, family, and school social workers career video [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvzxznYOhQM.

CareerOneStop. (2018, October 8). Lawyer career video [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aK2PVtgWLp8&t=3s.

Cassino, D. & Besen-Cassino, Y. (2019). Race, threat and workplace sexual harassment: The dynamics of harassment in the United States, 1997-2016. Gender, Work & Organization 26(9), 1221-1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12394

Children playing dress up… [Photograph]. FatCamera from Getty Images Signature via Canva Pro.

Cortina, L. M. & Areguin, M. A. (2021). Putting people down and pushing them out: Sexual harassment in the workplace. The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 8, 285-309. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606

Davern, M., Bautista, R., Freese, J., Herd, P., & Morgan, S. L. (2024). General Social Surveys, 1972-2021. NORC. gssdataexplorer.norc.org.

Davis, S. N. & Blake, A. (2018). Does biology limit equality? Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (B. J. Risman, C. M. Froyum, & W. J. Scarborough, Eds.) Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978-3-319-76333-0_8

Dawson, L., & Kates, J. (2025, June 18). Policy tracker: Youth access to gender affirming care and state policy restrictions. KFF. https://www.kff.org/other/dashboard/gender-affirming-care-policy-tracker/

Duster, C. (2022, March 31). X gender marker option on passport applications to be  available in April, Blinken says. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/31/politics/gender-x-passport-applications/index.html

Fisk, S. R. & Ridgeway, C. L. (2018). Framing gender. Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (B. J. Risman, C. M. Froyum, & W. J. Scarborough, Eds.) Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978-3-319-76333-0_12

Flores, A. R., Meyer, I. H., Langton, L., & Herman, J. L. (2021). Gender identity disparities in criminal victimization: National crime victimization survey, 2017-2018. American Journal of Public Health, 111(4), 726-729. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306099 

Fuentes, A. (2025). Sex is a spectrum: The biological limits of the binary. Princeton University Press.

Gansen, H. M. (2017). Reproducing (and disrupting) heteronormativity: Gendered sexual socialization in preschool classrooms. Sociology of Education 90(3), 255-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040717720981

Gansen, H. M., & Martin, K. A. (2018). Becoming gendered. Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (B. J. Risman, C. M. Froyum, & W. J. Scarborough, Eds.) Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978-3-319-76333-0_6

Garner, B. & Grazian, D. (2016). Naturalizing gender through childhood socialization messages in a zoo. Social Psychology Quarterly 79(3), 181-198. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44078242

Gender stereotype toys [Photograph]. estefaniavizcaino via Canva Pro.

George, E. & Livingston, G. (2024, March 25). What you need to know about the gender wage gap. Workplace Fairness. https://www.workplacefairness.org/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-gender-wage-gap/.

Hinchliffe, E. (2021, June 2). The female CEOs on this year’s Fortune 500 just broke three all-time records. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2021/06/02/female-ceos-fortune-500-2021-women-ceo-list-roz-brewer-walgreens-karen-lynch-cvs-thasunda-brown-duckett-tiaa/

Hinchliffe, E. (2024, June 4). The share of Fortune 500 companies run by women CEOs stays flat at 10.4% as pace of change stalls. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2024/06/04/fortune-500-companies-women-ceos-2024/

Hodges, L. (2020). Do female occupations pay less but offer more benefits? Gender & Society 34(3), 381-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243220913527

Homan, P. (2019). Structural sexism and health in the United States: A new perspective on health inequality and the gender system. American Sociological Review 84(3), 486-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122419848723

Homeless woman and man [Photograph]. redhumv from Getty Images Signature via Canva Pro.

James, I. (2020, August 9). A beginner’s guide and brief history of lgbtq rights cases in the U.S. Supreme Court. GLAAD. https://www.glaad.org/amp/beginner-guide-and-brief-history-lgbtq-rights-cases-united-states-supreme-court

Jones, J. (2021). 5 facts about the state of the gender pay gap. U.S. Department of Labor Blog. https://blog.dol.gov/2021/03/19/5-facts-about-the-state-of-the-gender-pay-gap

Kahn, J. R., García-Manglano, J., & Bianchi, S. M. (2014). The motherhood penalty at midlife: Long-term effects of children on women’s careers. Journal of Marriage and Family 76, 56-72. 10.1111/jomf.12086

Katz, J. N. (1995). The Invention of Heterosexuality. Dutton.

Law, T. (2019, October 8). 9 Landmark Supreme Court cases that shaped LGBTQ rights in America. Time. https://time.com/5694518/lgbtq-supreme-court-cases/

Man and woman sitting out… [Photograph]. RossHelen via Canva Pro.

Man nurse helping senior… [Photograph]. South_agency from Getty Images Signature via Canva Pro.

Man opening the car door… [Photograph]. Syuhei Inoue from Studio Japan via Canva Pro.

Marchia, J., & Sommer, J. M. (2019). (Re)defining heteronormativity. Sexualities 22(3), 267-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717741801

Matouk, K. M., & Wald, M. (2022, March 30). Gender-affirming care saves lives. Columbia University. https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/news/gender-affirming-care-saves-lives

McCarthy, J., & Yi, R. (2024, July 26). LGBTQ+ adults are coming out at younger ages than in the past. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/647636/lgbtq-adults-coming-younger-ages-past.aspx

McLaughlin, H., Uggen, C., & Blackstone, A. (2012). Sexual harassment, workplace authority, and the paradox of power. American Sociological Review 77(4), 625-647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412451728

McLaughlin, H., Uggen, C., & Blackstone, A. (2017). The economic and career effects of sexual harassment on working women. Gender and Society, 31(3), 333-358. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44280313

McMorrow, S., Kenney, G. M., & Goin, D. (2014). Determinants of receipt of recommended preventative services: Implications for the affordable care act. American Journal of Public Health 104(12), 2392-2399. 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301569

Meadow, T. (2018). Trans kids: Being gendered in the twenty-first century. University of California Press.

Movement Advancement Project. (2025a, July 21). Bans on transgender youth participation in sports. https://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/youth/sports_participation_bans

Movement Advancement Project. (2025b). “Equality maps: Bans on transgender people’s use of public bathrooms & facilities according to their gender Identity.”  http://www.mapresearch.org/equalitymaps/nondiscrimination/bathroom_bans.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). Family benefits public spending (indicator). https://data.oecd.org/socialexp/family-benefits-public-spending.htm

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). Gender wage gap. https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm

Ortiz-Ospina, E., Tzvetkova, S., & Roser, M. (2018, March). Women’s employment. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/female-labor-supply

Pascoe, C. J. (2007). Dude, you’re a fag: Masculinity and sexuality in high school. University of California Press.

Pascoe, C. J. (2013). Notes on a sociology of bullying: Young men’s homophobia as gender socialization. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking. 87-104. https://doi.org/10.14321/qed.0087

Performing hijra dancer [Photograph]. Instants from Getty Images Signature via Canva Pro.

Reuters Staff. (2019, January 31). Nonbinary? Intersex? 11 U.S. states issuing third gender IDs. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-us-lgbt-lawmaking/nonbinary-intersex-11-u-s-states-issuing-third-gender-ids-idUSKCN1PP2N7

Ridgeway, C. L. (2011). Framed by gender: How gender inequality persists in the modern world. Oxford University Press.

Risman, B. J. (2018). Gender as a social structure. Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (B. J. Risman, C. M. Froyum, & W. J. Scarborough, Eds.) Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978-3-319-76333-0_2

Robinson, B. A. (2020). Coming out to the streets: LGBTQ youth experiencing homelessness. University of California Press.

Schilt, K. (2006). Just one of the guys? How transmen make gender visible at work. Gender & Society 20(4), 465-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206288077

Schnabel, L. (2025, July 27). Many Americans support same-sex marriage — And still say there are only two genders. Public Religion Research Institute. https://prri.org/spotlight/many-americans-support-same-sex-marriage-and-still-say-there-are-only-two-genders/

Seo, V., Baggett, T. P., Thorndike, A. N., Hull, P., Hsu, J., Newhouse, J. P., & Fung, V. (2019). Access to care among Medicaid and uninsured patients in community health centers after the Affordable Care Act. BMC Health Services Research. 19, 291. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4124-z

Smithers, G. D. (2022). Reclaiming two-spirits: Sexuality, spiritual renewal & sovereignty in native America. Beacon Press.

Tankard, M. E., & Paluck, E. L. (2017). The effect of a Supreme Court decision regarding gay marriage on social norms and personal attitudes. Psychological Science 28(9), 1334-1344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617709594

Teenage boy mowing lawn [Photograph]. soupstock via Canva Pro.

Two tomboys [Photograph]. mediaphotos from Getty Images Signature via Canva Pro.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024a). Civilian labor force participation rate. https://www.bls.gov/charts/employment-situation/civilian-labor-force-participation-rate.htm

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024b). Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex. https://www.bls.gov/charts/usual-weekly-earnings/usual-weekly-earnings-current-quarter-by-race-and-sex.htm

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2025a, September 6). Epidemiologists. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/epidemiologists.htm

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2025b, September 6). Lawyers. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/legal/lawyers.htm

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2025b, September 6). Social Workers. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/social-workers.htm

U.S. Department of Labor. (2022). Employment and earnings by occupation. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/data/Employment-and-Earnings-by-Occupation

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2022). Sexual harassment. https://www.eeoc.gov/sexual-harassment

Van Winkle, Z., & Fasang, A. E. (2020). Parenthood wage gaps across the life course: A comparison by gender and race. Journal of Marriage and Family 82(5), 1515-1533. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12713

Vrugt, A., & Luyerink, M. (2000). The contribution of bodily posture to gender stereotypical impressions. Social Behavior and Personality. 28(1), 91-103. 10.2224/sbp.2000.28.1.91

Wade, L. (2013). The new science of sex difference. Sociology Compass 7(4), 278-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12028

West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society. 1(2), 125-151. https://www.jstor.org/stable/189945

West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (2002). Doing gender. In S. Fenstermaker & C. West (Eds.),  Doing Gender, Doing Difference: Inequality, Power, and Institutional Change (1st ed., pp. 3-24) Routledge.

The White House. (2025, January 20). Defending women from gender ideology extremism and restoring biological truth to the federal government. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/defending-women-from-gender-ideology-extremism-and-restoring-biological-truth-to-the-federal-government/

Williams, C. L. (1992). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the “female” professions.” Social Problems 29(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096961

Wingfield, A. H. (2009). Racializing the glass escalator: Reconsidering men’s experiences with women’s work. Gender & Society 23(1), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243208323054

Young woman suffering from… [Photograph]. pixelshot via Canva Pro.